منتديات دفاتر التربوية التعليمية المغربية

منتديات دفاتر التربوية التعليمية المغربية (https://www.dafatir.net/vb/index.php)
-   مواضيع بالانجليزية (https://www.dafatir.net/vb/forumdisplay.php?f=153)
-   -   language teaching methodology: 11- The Communicative Language Teaching Approach (https://www.dafatir.net/vb/showthread.php?t=26685)

أبو إيناس 06-09-2008 13:32

language teaching methodology: 11- The Communicative Language Teaching Approach
 
The Communicative ******** Teaching Approach

All the methods described so far are symbolic of the progress foreign ******** teaching ideology underwent in the last century. These were methods that came and went, influenced or gave birth to new methods - in a cycle that could only be described as competition between rival methods or even passing fads in the methodological theory underlying foreign ******** teaching. Finally, by the mid-eighties or so, the industry was maturing in its growth and moving towards the concept of a broad "approach" to ******** teaching that encompassed various methods, motivations for learning English, types of teachers and the needs of individual classrooms and students themselves. It would be fair to say that if there is any one umbrella approach to ******** teaching that has become the accepted "norm" in this field, it would have to be the Communicative ******** Teaching Approach. This is also known as CLT.

Overview

Basic Features of CLT

David Nunan (1991:279) lists five basic characteristics of Communicative ******** Teaching:

(1) An emphasis on learning to communicate through interaction in the target ********.

(2) The introduction of authentic texts into the learning situation.

(3) The provision of opportunities for learners to focus, not only on the ******** but also on
the learning process itself.

(4) An enhancement of the learner's own personal experiences as important contributing
elements to classroom learning.

(5) An attempt to link classroom ******** learning with ******** activation outside the
classroom.




Basic Features

CLT Features at Length

Finnochiaro and Brumfit (1983:91-93) compiled this list of CLT features way back in 1983 as a means of comparing it to the Audiolingual Method. Below each feature in blue italics is the feature of ALM to which it was being compared.

(1) CLT: Meaning is paramount.
ALM: Attends to structure and form more than meaning.

(2) CLT: Dialogs, if used, center around communicative functions and are not normally memorized.
ALM: Demands more memorization of structure-based dialogs.

(3) CLT: Contextualization is a basic premise.
ALM: ******** items are not necessarily contextualized.

(4) CLT: ******** learning is learning to communicate.
ALM: ******** Learning is learning structures, sounds or words.

(5) CLT: Effective communication is sought.
ALM: Mastery or "overlearning" is sought.

(6) CLT: Drilling may occur, but peripherially.
ALM: Drilling is a central technique.

(7) CLT: Comprehensible pronunciation is sought.
ALM: Native-speaker-like pronunciation is sought.

(8) CLT: Any device which helps the learners is accepted - varying according to their age,
interest, etc.
ALM: Grammatical explanation is avoided.

(9) CLT: Attempts to communicate may be encouraged from the very beginning.
ALM: Communicative activities only come after a long process of rigid drills and exrecises.

(10) CLT: Judicious use of native ******** is accepted where feasible.
ALM: The use of the students' native ******** is forbidden.

(11) CLT: Translation may be used where students need or benefit from it.
ALM: Translation is forbidden at early levels.

(12) CLT: Reading and writing can start from the first day, if desired.
ALM: Reading and writing are deferred until speech is mastered.

(13) CLT: The target linguistic system will be learned best through the process of struggling to
communicate.
ALM: The target linguistic system will be learned through the overt teaching of the patterns of
the system.

(14) CLT: Communicative competence is the desired goal.
ALM: Linguistic competence is the desired goal.

(15) CLT: Linguistic variation is a central concept in materials and methods.
ALM: Varieties of ******** are recognized but not emphasized.

(16) CLT: Sequencing is determined by any consideration of content function, or meaning which
maintains interest.
ALM: The sequence of units is determined solely on principles of linguistic complexity.

(17) CLT: Teachers help learners in any way that motivates them to work with the ********.
ALM: The teacher controls the learners and prevents them from doing anything that conflicts with
the theory.

(18) CLT: ******** is created by the individual often through trial and error.
ALM: "******** is habit" so error must be prevented at all costs.

(19) CLT: Fluency and acceptable ******** is the primary goal: accuracy is judged not in the
abstract but in context.
ALM: Accuracy, in terms of formal correctness, is a primary goal.

(20) CLT: Students are expected to interact with other people, either in the flesh, through pair and
group work, or in their writings.
ALM: Students are expected to interact with the ******** system, embodied in machines or
controlled materials.

(21) CLT: The teacher cannot know exactly what ******** the students will use.
ALM: The teacher is expected to specify the ******** that students are to use.

(22) CLT: Intrinsic motivation will spring from an interest in what is being communicated by the
********.
ALM: Intrinsic motivation will spring from an interest in the structure of the ********.

Features at Length

Caveats

Brown (1994:78-80) warns that there are certain caveats in the field of ******** teaching when it comes to discussing CLT and one's support of the approach, saying that that support or belief needs to be "qualified". He warns against:

(1) Giving "lip service" to the principles of CLT (because "no one these days would admit to
a disbelief in principles of CLT; they would be marked as a heretic") without actually
grounding one's teaching techniques in those principles, or making sure one indeed
understands and practices according to the characteristics that make CLT what it is.

(2) Overdoing certain CLT features, for example engaging in real-life authentic ******** to
the exclusion of helpful devices such as controlled practice, or vice versa. Moderation
is needed in combination with common sense and a balanced approach.

(3) The numerous interpretations of what CLT actually "is". CLT is often a catchcall term,
and does not reflect the fact that not everyone agrees on its interpretation or application.
Teachers need to be aware that there are many possible versions, and it is intended as
an "umbrella" term covering a variety of methods.


The Communicative approach does a lot to expand on the goal of creating communicative competence compared to earlier methods that professed the same objective. Teaching students how to use the ******** is considered to be at least as important as learning the ******** itself. Brown (1994:77) aptly describes the "march" towards CLT:

"Beyond grammatical discourse elements in communication, we are probing the nature of social, cultural, and pragmatic features of ********. We are exploring pedagogical means for 'real-life' communication in the classroom. We are trying to get our learners to develop linguistic fluency, not just the accuracy that has so consumed our historical journey. We are equipping our students with tools for generating unrehearsed ******** performance 'out there' when they leave the womb of our classrooms. We are concerned with how to facilitate lifelong ******** learning among our students, not just with the immediate classroom task. We are looking at learners as partners in a cooperative venture. And our classroom practices seek to draw on whatever intrinsically sparks learners to reach their fullest potential."
CLT is a generic approach, and can seem non-specific at times in terms of how to actually go about using practices in the classroom in any sort of systematic way. There are many interpretations of what CLT actually means and involves. See Types of Learning and The PPP Approach to see how CLT can be applied in a variety of 'more specific' methods.



الساعة الآن 15:31

Powered by vBulletin® Copyright ©2000 - 2024, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd
جميع الحقوق محفوظة لمنتديات دفاتر © 1434- 2012 جميع المشاركات والمواضيع في منتدى دفاتر لا تعبر بالضرورة عن رأي إدارة المنتدى بل تمثل وجهة نظر كاتبها