أبو فراس
06-12-2008, 11:06
مفهوم العولمة نقلا عن الموسوعة العالمية الحرة
مترجمة باللغتين: العربية والإنجليزية
ما هي العولمة؟؟
مصطلح "العولمة" قد استخدمت من قبل الاقتصاديين منذ 1980s على الرغم من أنها كانت تستخدم في العلوم الاجتماعية في 1960s ؛ ومع ذلك ، فإن المفاهيم لم تصبح شعبية حتى النصف الأخير من 1980s و 1990s. The earliest written theoretical concepts of globalization were penned by an American entrepreneur-turned-minister Charles Taze Russell (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhcT-fXr9NM11pCC_re49EehgUsEw) who coined the term 'corporate giants' in 1897. [ 6 ] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-5) أقرب خطية المفاهيم النظرية للعولمة التي صاغها اميركي منظم المشروع الذي تحول الى وزير Taze تشارلز راسل (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhcT-fXr9NM11pCC_re49EehgUsEw) الذي مصطلح 'الشركات العملاقة' في 1897. [6] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-5)
Globalization is viewed as a centuries long process, tracking the expansion of human population (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjM9RjgxkDcqFRQ4fUvYBF6qTM_aA) and the growth of civilization (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiYpEgaqs9jTrj3gv9ppNG6tBhW5g) , that has accelerated dramatically in the past 50 years. العولمة ينظر إليها على أنها عملية قرون طويلة ، تتبع توسيع نطاق حقوق السكان (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjM9RjgxkDcqFRQ4fUvYBF6qTM_aA) ونمو الحضارة (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiYpEgaqs9jTrj3gv9ppNG6tBhW5g) ، التي قد زاد إلى حد كبير في السنوات ال 50 الماضية. Early forms of globalization existed during the Roman Empire (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhi3qK7TEstCLqLMEKWRl3iQtX9_Gg) , the Parthian (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjIpJQ9QxCzXoMjHRW52KQbIIssoA) empire, and the Han Dynasty (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjjM0MR-UTf7xSTL6ln4kNA8uSPrw) , when the Silk Road (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhq2NYyRm7un2gV7m0nkrGyM9Sgeg) started in China, reached the boundaries of the Parthian empire, and continued onwards towards Rome. في وقت مبكر من أشكال العولمة موجودة خلال الإمبراطورية الرومانية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhi3qK7TEstCLqLMEKWRl3iQtX9_Gg) ، Parthian (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjIpJQ9QxCzXoMjHRW52KQbIIssoA) الامبراطورية ، وعهد اسرة هان (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjjM0MR-UTf7xSTL6ln4kNA8uSPrw) ، عندما طريق الحرير (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhq2NYyRm7un2gV7m0nkrGyM9Sgeg) بدأت في الصين ، وصلت إلى حدود من Parthian الامبراطورية ، وتابع فصاعدا نحو روما. The Islamic Golden Age (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjAp669-ojScMCZdQLnY4PNUdkzqg) is also an example, when Muslim traders (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjAp669-ojScMCZdQLnY4PNUdkzqg#Economy) and explorers (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjAp669-ojScMCZdQLnY4PNUdkzqg#Age_of_discovery) established an early global economy (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_economy&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg5iKi32yL0S2eZxGtwb7rh56EONw) across the Old World (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiIpu7ksp8si7241pgS1LqfQ3zS4Q) resulting in a globalization of crops (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Agricultural_Revolution&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjcoVRedUOwIYOqoUFox_4oLSuT8g) , trade, knowledge and technology; and later during the Mongol Empire (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj4dg56B5hY-opXce_eX1vqolAZSQ) , when there was greater integration along the Silk Road (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhq2NYyRm7un2gV7m0nkrGyM9Sgeg) . الإسلامي العصر الذهبي (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjAp669-ojScMCZdQLnY4PNUdkzqg) هو أيضا على سبيل المثال ، عند المسلمين والتجار (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjAp669-ojScMCZdQLnY4PNUdkzqg#Economy) والمستكشفين (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjAp669-ojScMCZdQLnY4PNUdkzqg#Age_of_discovery) المنشأة في وقت مبكر في الاقتصاد العالمي (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_economy&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg5iKi32yL0S2eZxGtwb7rh56EONw) عبر العالم القديم (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiIpu7ksp8si7241pgS1LqfQ3zS4Q) مما تسبب في العولمة من المحاصيل (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Agricultural_Revolution&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjcoVRedUOwIYOqoUFox_4oLSuT8g) ، والتجارة ، والمعارف والتكنولوجيا ؛ في وقت لاحق وخلال الامبراطورية المنغولية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj4dg56B5hY-opXce_eX1vqolAZSQ) ، عندما كان هناك مزيد من التكامل على طول طريق الحرير. (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhq2NYyRm7un2gV7m0nkrGyM9Sgeg) Globalization in a wider context began shortly before the turn of the 16th century, with two Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjs3HK3ZxCI5_13lpPivwu6ATM4Og) - the Kingdom of Portugal (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgVcEGU5KVf5cbzYhlfa7FObVtK5Q) and the Kingdom of Castile (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhQzEMbO69Un8QD98-dK_bbNJU3CQ) . Portugal (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhUbDRccfDvj-NnK0szovg6JzXz6g) 's global explorations in the 16th century, especially, linked continents, economies and cultures to a massive extent. العولمة في سياق أوسع بدأت قبل فترة وجيزة بدوره من القرن 16th ، مع اثنين من المملكة من شبه الجزيرة الايبيرية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjs3HK3ZxCI5_13lpPivwu6ATM4Og) -- مملكة البرتغال (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgVcEGU5KVf5cbzYhlfa7FObVtK5Q) ومملكة كاستيا. (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhQzEMbO69Un8QD98-dK_bbNJU3CQ) البرتغال (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhUbDRccfDvj-NnK0szovg6JzXz6g) 'ق العالمية الاستكشافات في القرن 16th ، خاصة ، مرتبطة القارات ، والاقتصادات الثقافات إلى حد كبير. Portugal's exploration and trade with most of the coast of Africa (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjSKqyRFKqiZbY4JfaqNRgBhHuX3A) , Eastern South America (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg-q_OMhxIMqSfP0i3d-iHdhyBVYg) , and Southern and Eastern Asia (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh_ssCW4nhEsFom1yfIjcpHZMNrCA) , was the first major trade based form of globalization. البرتغال الاستكشاف والتجارة مع أكثر من ساحل افريقيا (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjSKqyRFKqiZbY4JfaqNRgBhHuX3A) الشرقية وأمريكا الجنوبية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg-q_OMhxIMqSfP0i3d-iHdhyBVYg) ، وجنوب وشرق آسيا (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh_ssCW4nhEsFom1yfIjcpHZMNrCA) ، كانت أول دولة كبيرة في التجارة على أساس شكل من أشكال العولمة. A wave of global trade (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_trade&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhidHdwA5rsBm8knqVEsVDWbXqThaQ) , colonization (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgfQsE6OHnu_gn1uIR1uQkP9lED_Q) , and enculturation (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enculturation&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiZG5YaglTBrhnoBMLw903oStG1jQ) reached all corners of the world. وأسفرت موجة من التجارة العالمية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_trade&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhidHdwA5rsBm8knqVEsVDWbXqThaQ) ، والاستعمار (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgfQsE6OHnu_gn1uIR1uQkP9lED_Q) ، وenculturation (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enculturation&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiZG5YaglTBrhnoBMLw903oStG1jQ) التي تم التوصل إليها في جميع أنحاء العالم. Global integration continued through the expansion of European trade in the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Portuguese (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg7o4Y5QOIW7Awe-f_kIxKmcalipQ) and Spanish Empires (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgHTSKdHy3E5WImEWFnydvC8H0D9g) colonized the Americas (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgm_RqlAXZuZK5LyhKhiK_Rq-PcXA) , followed eventually by France and Britain. تابع التكامل العالمي من خلال توسيع التجارة الأوروبية في 16th و17th قرون ، عندما البرتغالية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg7o4Y5QOIW7Awe-f_kIxKmcalipQ) والأسبانية الإمبراطوريات (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgHTSKdHy3E5WImEWFnydvC8H0D9g) استعمار الأمريكتين (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgm_RqlAXZuZK5LyhKhiK_Rq-PcXA) ، وأعقب ذلك في النهاية وفرنسا وبريطانيا. Globalization has had a tremendous impact on cultures (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_of_culture&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhC-V31ZvopoMDwNmNp8nlQG8MVyg) , particularly indigenous cultures, around the world. العولمة كان لها تأثير هائل على الثقافات (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_of_culture&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhC-V31ZvopoMDwNmNp8nlQG8MVyg) ، وخاصة ثقافات الشعوب الأصلية ، في جميع أنحاء العالم. In the 15th century, Portugal's Company of Guinea (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_of_Guinea&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgub7IgSkyr3nhOlN56xO39MOaeRA) was one of the first chartered commercial companies established by Europeans in other continent during the Age of Discovery (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhVQUWs5gVrkn19JzjJLwZlU8_F6w) , whose task was to deal with the spices (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spices&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiyRVdvfYCe5lYNNVNnL8vYtqiz2Q) and to fix the prices of the goods. في القرن 15th ، البرتغال شركة من غينيا (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_of_Guinea&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgub7IgSkyr3nhOlN56xO39MOaeRA) كانت واحدة من أول الشركات التجارية التي تستأجرها المنشأة من قبل الأوروبيين في قارة أخرى خلال عصر الاستكشاف (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhVQUWs5gVrkn19JzjJLwZlU8_F6w) ، التي تتمثل مهمتها في التعامل مع التوابل (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spices&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiyRVdvfYCe5lYNNVNnL8vYtqiz2Q) وربط أسعار السلع. In the 17th century, globalization became a business phenomenon when the British East India Company (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh4sje-szUMyd7d3231jYEbQAFM3A) (founded in 1600), which is often described as the first multinational corporation (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg6eWb6VPuPizk9crkyiiVxt2R-uA) , was established, as well as the Dutch East India Company (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhitnTUNlVQ40K-38iIHx_wL3QAYrQ) (founded in 1602) and the Portuguese East India Company (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgG8BCmqZ1apJ_nVSR0ZnK_5kM3bw) (founded in 1628). في القرن 17th ، العولمة أصبحت ظاهرة عندما التجارية لشركة الهند الشرقية البريطانية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh4sje-szUMyd7d3231jYEbQAFM3A) (التي تأسست في عام 1600) ، الذي كثيرا ما توصف بأنها أول شركة متعددة الجنسيات (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg6eWb6VPuPizk9crkyiiVxt2R-uA) ، وأنشئت ، وكذلك شركة الهند الشرقية الهولندية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhitnTUNlVQ40K-38iIHx_wL3QAYrQ) (التي تأسست في عام 1602) و البرتغالية شركة الهند الشرقية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgG8BCmqZ1apJ_nVSR0ZnK_5kM3bw) (التي تأسست في عام 1628). Because of the high risks involved with international trade, the British East India Company became the first company in the world to share risk and enable joint ownership of companies through the issuance of shares (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shares&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiTHIfQFaxmg3zcFwCZTmGF-rTgOw) of stock: an important driver for globalization. ونظرا لارتفاع المخاطر التي ينطوي عليها مع التجارة الدولية ، شركة الهند الشرقية البريطانية أصبحت أول شركة في العالم لتقاسم المخاطر والملكية المشتركة لتمكين الشركات من خلال إصدار أسهم (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shares&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiTHIfQFaxmg3zcFwCZTmGF-rTgOw) من الأسهم : دافعا هاما للعولمة. Globalization was achieved by the British Empire (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj_5oHaEdUo_ftKPW4lVCyIfRo37w) (the largest empire in history) due to its sheer size and power. العولمة التي حققتها الإمبراطورية البريطانية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj_5oHaEdUo_ftKPW4lVCyIfRo37w) (أكبر امبراطورية في التاريخ) ، نظرا لضخامة حجم والسلطة. British ideals and culture were imposed on other nations during this period. الثقافة والمثل العليا البريطانية قد فرضت على دول أخرى خلال هذه الفترة.
The 19th century is sometimes called "The First Era of Globalization." وقد 19th القرن يسمى أحيانا "أولا عصر العولمة." It was a period characterized by rapid growth in international trade and investment between the European imperial powers, their colonies, and, later, the United States. لقد كانت فترة تتميز النمو السريع في التجارة الدولية والاستثمار بين القوى الإمبريالية الأوروبية ، مستعمراتها ، و، في وقت لاحق ، والولايات المتحدة. It was in this period that areas of sub-saharan Africa and the Island Pacific were incorporated into the world system. وكان في هذه الفترة أن المناطق من أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى وجزيرة في المحيط الهادئ أدرجت في النظام العالمي. The "First Era of Globalization" began to break down at the beginning of the 20th century with the first World War. "أولا عصر العولمة" بدأت تنهار في بداية من القرن 20th مع الحرب العالمية الأولى. Said John Maynard Keynes [ 7 ] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-6) , وقال جون ماينارد كينز ([7]) (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-6) ،
“ "
The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea, the various products of the whole earth, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep. وقد يمكن من سكان لندن من أجل عبر الهاتف ، وهو يحتسي الشاي له صباح اليوم ، ومختلف المنتجات من كل الأرض ، ونتوقع في وقت مبكر من المعقول التسليم عند عتبة باب منزله. Militarism and imperialism of racial and cultural rivalries were little more than the amusements of his daily newspaper. والنزعة العسكرية الإمبريالية من الخصومات العرقية والثقافية كانت أكثر قليلا من الملاهي من صحيفة يومية. What an extraordinary episode in the economic progress of man was that age which came to an end in August 1914. ما هي حلقة استثنائية في التقدم الاقتصادي للرجل أن العمر الذي انتهى في آب / أغسطس 1914.
” "
The "First Era of Globalization" later collapsed during the gold standard crisis (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhikhti7kjkawD4kiy5_ujvX8cXOaw) in the late 1920s and early 1930s. "أولا عصر العولمة" انهار في وقت لاحق من خلال معيار الذهب الأزمة (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhikhti7kjkawD4kiy5_ujvX8cXOaw) في أواخر 1920s وأوائل 1930s.
[ edit (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGlobalization%26action%3Dedit% 26section%3D2&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh6SukkHzLLh7-tsyzTzFyIharEog) ] Modern globalization [تحرير] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGlobalization%26action%3Dedit% 26section%3D2&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh6SukkHzLLh7-tsyzTzFyIharEog) العولمة الحديثة
Globalization, since World War II, is largely the result of planning by economists, business interests, and politicians who recognized the costs associated with protectionism (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj_JLYo5dokK35d3cHs9ITb2Evjdg) and declining international economic integration. العولمة ، منذ الحرب العالمية الثانية ، هو إلى حد كبير نتيجة للتخطيط من جانب خبراء الاقتصاد ، والمصالح التجارية ، والساسة الذين المعترف بها التكاليف المرتبطة الحمائية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj_JLYo5dokK35d3cHs9ITb2Evjdg) ، وانخفاض التكامل الاقتصادي الدولي. Their work led to the Bretton Woods conference (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_conference&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhmUBc3vI4Z-lGV8uZd0U_wlu-aGw) and the founding of several international institutions intended to oversee the renewed processes of globalization, promoting growth and managing adverse consequences. عملها أدت إلى مؤتمر بريتون وودز (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_conference&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhmUBc3vI4Z-lGV8uZd0U_wlu-aGw) وتأسيس العديد من المؤسسات الدولية يقصد جدد للإشراف على عمليات العولمة ، وتعزيز النمو وإدارة الآثار السلبية.
These institutions include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhJ4Dopcd9deA6ObdLRXpD9qiGDgw) ), and the International Monetary Fund (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgmUvrvi-RG8GsSMZrdBd96LII6kw) . وتشمل هذه المؤسسات البنك الدولي للإنشاء والتعمير (البنك الدولي) (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhJ4Dopcd9deA6ObdLRXpD9qiGDgw) ، وصندوق النقد الدولي. (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgmUvrvi-RG8GsSMZrdBd96LII6kw) Globalization has been facilitated by advances in technology which have reduced the costs of trade, and trade negotiation rounds, originally under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgVRd46P72rX5lZ1X7r1u9F5v_GkA) (GATT), which led to a series of agreements to remove restrictions on free trade (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgQmPX8L51suAn9ImMi_SD_fw-CTA) . العولمة وقد سهل من التقدم التكنولوجي مما أدى إلى تخفيض تكاليف التجارة ، وجولات المفاوضات التجارية ، في الأصل تحت رعاية الاتفاق العام بشأن التعريفات الجمركية والتجارة (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgVRd46P72rX5lZ1X7r1u9F5v_GkA) (الغات) ، والتي أدت إلى سلسلة من الاتفاقات لإزالة القيود المفروضة على التجارة الحرة (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgQmPX8L51suAn9ImMi_SD_fw-CTA) .
Since World War II, barriers to international trade have been considerably lowered through international agreements - GATT. منذ الحرب العالمية الثانية ، الحواجز أمام التجارة الدولية قد خفضت بشكل كبير من خلال الاتفاقات الدولية -- اتفاق الغات. Particular initiatives carried out as a result of GATT and the World Trade Organization (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjsxWJjKO0ITO0x1Ue7yfEsZcDh6Q) (WTO), for which GATT is the foundation, have included: ولا سيما المبادرات التي نفذت نتيجة لاتفاق الغات ومنظمة التجارة العالمية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjsxWJjKO0ITO0x1Ue7yfEsZcDh6Q) (منظمة التجارة العالمية) ، لغات الذي هو الأساس ، ما يلي :
Promotion of free trade: تعزيز التجارة الحرة :
Reduction or elimination of tariffs (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg3UOYuwmeLuEa7M4JqLcFR39pAUg) ; creation of free trade zones (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_zone&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhyyEO8d3iLZTDVXJOZ0Cb0KlTbRA) with small or no tariffs تخفيض أو إلغاء التعريفات (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg3UOYuwmeLuEa7M4JqLcFR39pAUg) ؛ إنشاء مناطق للتجارة الحرة (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_zone&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhyyEO8d3iLZTDVXJOZ0Cb0KlTbRA) مع صغيرة أو أي تعريفات
Reduced transportation costs, especially resulting from development of containerization (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containerization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgqpUyZJGzd2nC2JCUrsokzz5ShLg) for ocean shipping. خفض تكاليف النقل ، وخاصة الناتجة عن التنمية من الحاويات (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containerization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgqpUyZJGzd2nC2JCUrsokzz5ShLg) لالشحن عبر المحيطات.
Reduction or elimination of capital controls (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_controls&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhi4utrXiPt9Zo5xz_Nqp6cG03FTXQ) خفض أو إلغاء الضوابط المفروضة على رأس المال (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_controls&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhi4utrXiPt9Zo5xz_Nqp6cG03FTXQ)
Reduction, elimination, or harmonization of subsidies (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidy&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgNDi9EJAsOQkR3XwlybRfonO6K_A) for local businesses الحد ، والقضاء ، أو تنسيق الدعم (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidy&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgNDi9EJAsOQkR3XwlybRfonO6K_A) للأعمال التجارية المحلية
Restriction of free trade: تقييد التجارة الحرة :
Harmonization of intellectual property (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjnmhMfWFbDumHuuTUFALnVI5VeAg) laws across the majority of states, with more restrictions. تنسيق قوانين الملكية الفكرية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjnmhMfWFbDumHuuTUFALnVI5VeAg) عبر غالبية الدول ، مع المزيد من القيود.
Supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions (eg patents (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhZVTcgNpeG7btAmW2J7Z81rfrSqA) granted by China would be recognized in the United States) فوق والاعتراف من قيود الملكية الفكرية (مثل براءات الاختراع (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhZVTcgNpeG7btAmW2J7Z81rfrSqA) التي منحتها الصين سوف المعترف بها في الولايات المتحدة)
Cultural globalization, driven by communication technology and the worldwide marketing of Western cultural industries, was understood at first as a process of homogenization, as the global domination of American culture at the expense of traditional diversity. العولمة الثقافية ، يقودها تكنولوجيا الاتصالات والتسويق في جميع أنحاء العالم من الصناعات الثقافية الغربية ، وكان مفهوما في البداية على أنها عملية من التجانس ، كما الهيمنة العالمية للثقافة الاميركية على حساب التنوع التقليدي. However, a contrasting trend soon became evident in the emergence of movements protesting against globalization and giving new momentum to the defense of local uniqueness, individuality, and identity. ولكن ، على عكس الاتجاه سرعان ما أصبح واضحا في ظهور حركات الاحتجاج ضد العولمة وإعطاء زخم جديد للدفاع عن تفرد المحلية ، والنزعة الفردية ، والهوية. These movements used the same new technologies to pursue their own goals more efficiently and to appeal for support from world opinion. [ 8 ] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-7) هذه الحركات تستخدم نفس التكنولوجيات الجديدة لتحقيق غاياتها وأكثر كفاءة لنداء لدعم من الرأي العام العالمي. [8] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-7)
The Uruguay Round (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_Round&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh6Lwm-k21NGEpWs6I2pUsDA_vLVg) (1984 to 1995) led to a treaty to create the WTO to mediate trade dis****s and set up a uniform platform of trading. جولة أوروغواي (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_Round&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh6Lwm-k21NGEpWs6I2pUsDA_vLVg) (1984 الى 1995) أدت إلى معاهدة لإنشاء منظمة التجارة العالمية للتوسط في النزاعات التجارية واقامة منصة موحدة للتجارة. Other bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, including sections of Europe's Maastricht Treaty (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgh2e7obIDkFffABagowlMABQY0mQ) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiFuCh5X8rRb3B2_iZELiOE0p1o_A) (NAFTA) have also been signed in pursuit of the goal of reducing tariffs and barriers to trade. الثنائية وغيرها من الاتفاقات التجارية المتعددة الأطراف ، بما فيها الفروع في أوروبا معاهدة ماستريخت (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgh2e7obIDkFffABagowlMABQY0mQ) والشمال اتفاق التجارة الحرة لأمريكا (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiFuCh5X8rRb3B2_iZELiOE0p1o_A) (نافتا) وقعت أيضا في سعينا لتحقيق هدف خفض التعريفات الجمركية والحواجز التجارية.
Global conflicts, such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_terrorist_attacks&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiPwsJ67VnJpYimltrSPv0YCHUcrw) on the United States of America, is interrelated with globalization because it was primary source of the "war on terror", which had started the steady increase of the prices of oil and gas, due to the fact that most OPEC (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg6YEWiB-AVwUvxyWD3eRayNyjjqA) member countries were in the Arabian Peninsula. [ 9 ] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-8) الصراعات العالمية ، مثل 9 / 11 الهجمات الإرهابية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_terrorist_attacks&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiPwsJ67VnJpYimltrSPv0YCHUcrw) على الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ، هي مترابطة مع العولمة لأنها كانت المصدر الرئيسي لل"الحرب على الإرهاب" ، التي بدأت في الزيادة المطردة للأسعار النفط والغاز ، وبسبب إلى حقيقة أن معظم الدول الاعضاء فى الاوبك (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg6YEWiB-AVwUvxyWD3eRayNyjjqA) كانت في شبه الجزيرة العربية. [9] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-8)
World exports rose from 8.5% of gross world product (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_world_product&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhklOXH0eI1e9sttwLjMOe5wzK6FA) in 1970 to 16.1% of gross world product in 2001. [6] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/trade/tables/exports2.htm&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhicsj-oqrBzogZF0Dt5hqkUKqIgtw) كما ارتفعت صادرات العالم من 8.5 ٪ من الناتج العالمي الإجمالي (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_world_product&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhklOXH0eI1e9sttwLjMOe5wzK6FA) في عام 1970 إلى 16.1 في المائة من الناتج العالمي الإجمالي في عام 2001.
مترجمة باللغتين: العربية والإنجليزية
ما هي العولمة؟؟
مصطلح "العولمة" قد استخدمت من قبل الاقتصاديين منذ 1980s على الرغم من أنها كانت تستخدم في العلوم الاجتماعية في 1960s ؛ ومع ذلك ، فإن المفاهيم لم تصبح شعبية حتى النصف الأخير من 1980s و 1990s. The earliest written theoretical concepts of globalization were penned by an American entrepreneur-turned-minister Charles Taze Russell (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhcT-fXr9NM11pCC_re49EehgUsEw) who coined the term 'corporate giants' in 1897. [ 6 ] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-5) أقرب خطية المفاهيم النظرية للعولمة التي صاغها اميركي منظم المشروع الذي تحول الى وزير Taze تشارلز راسل (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhcT-fXr9NM11pCC_re49EehgUsEw) الذي مصطلح 'الشركات العملاقة' في 1897. [6] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-5)
Globalization is viewed as a centuries long process, tracking the expansion of human population (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjM9RjgxkDcqFRQ4fUvYBF6qTM_aA) and the growth of civilization (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiYpEgaqs9jTrj3gv9ppNG6tBhW5g) , that has accelerated dramatically in the past 50 years. العولمة ينظر إليها على أنها عملية قرون طويلة ، تتبع توسيع نطاق حقوق السكان (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_population&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjM9RjgxkDcqFRQ4fUvYBF6qTM_aA) ونمو الحضارة (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiYpEgaqs9jTrj3gv9ppNG6tBhW5g) ، التي قد زاد إلى حد كبير في السنوات ال 50 الماضية. Early forms of globalization existed during the Roman Empire (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhi3qK7TEstCLqLMEKWRl3iQtX9_Gg) , the Parthian (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjIpJQ9QxCzXoMjHRW52KQbIIssoA) empire, and the Han Dynasty (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjjM0MR-UTf7xSTL6ln4kNA8uSPrw) , when the Silk Road (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhq2NYyRm7un2gV7m0nkrGyM9Sgeg) started in China, reached the boundaries of the Parthian empire, and continued onwards towards Rome. في وقت مبكر من أشكال العولمة موجودة خلال الإمبراطورية الرومانية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhi3qK7TEstCLqLMEKWRl3iQtX9_Gg) ، Parthian (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjIpJQ9QxCzXoMjHRW52KQbIIssoA) الامبراطورية ، وعهد اسرة هان (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Dynasty&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjjM0MR-UTf7xSTL6ln4kNA8uSPrw) ، عندما طريق الحرير (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhq2NYyRm7un2gV7m0nkrGyM9Sgeg) بدأت في الصين ، وصلت إلى حدود من Parthian الامبراطورية ، وتابع فصاعدا نحو روما. The Islamic Golden Age (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjAp669-ojScMCZdQLnY4PNUdkzqg) is also an example, when Muslim traders (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjAp669-ojScMCZdQLnY4PNUdkzqg#Economy) and explorers (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjAp669-ojScMCZdQLnY4PNUdkzqg#Age_of_discovery) established an early global economy (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_economy&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg5iKi32yL0S2eZxGtwb7rh56EONw) across the Old World (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiIpu7ksp8si7241pgS1LqfQ3zS4Q) resulting in a globalization of crops (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Agricultural_Revolution&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjcoVRedUOwIYOqoUFox_4oLSuT8g) , trade, knowledge and technology; and later during the Mongol Empire (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj4dg56B5hY-opXce_eX1vqolAZSQ) , when there was greater integration along the Silk Road (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhq2NYyRm7un2gV7m0nkrGyM9Sgeg) . الإسلامي العصر الذهبي (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjAp669-ojScMCZdQLnY4PNUdkzqg) هو أيضا على سبيل المثال ، عند المسلمين والتجار (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjAp669-ojScMCZdQLnY4PNUdkzqg#Economy) والمستكشفين (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjAp669-ojScMCZdQLnY4PNUdkzqg#Age_of_discovery) المنشأة في وقت مبكر في الاقتصاد العالمي (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_economy&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg5iKi32yL0S2eZxGtwb7rh56EONw) عبر العالم القديم (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiIpu7ksp8si7241pgS1LqfQ3zS4Q) مما تسبب في العولمة من المحاصيل (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Agricultural_Revolution&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjcoVRedUOwIYOqoUFox_4oLSuT8g) ، والتجارة ، والمعارف والتكنولوجيا ؛ في وقت لاحق وخلال الامبراطورية المنغولية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj4dg56B5hY-opXce_eX1vqolAZSQ) ، عندما كان هناك مزيد من التكامل على طول طريق الحرير. (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhq2NYyRm7un2gV7m0nkrGyM9Sgeg) Globalization in a wider context began shortly before the turn of the 16th century, with two Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjs3HK3ZxCI5_13lpPivwu6ATM4Og) - the Kingdom of Portugal (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgVcEGU5KVf5cbzYhlfa7FObVtK5Q) and the Kingdom of Castile (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhQzEMbO69Un8QD98-dK_bbNJU3CQ) . Portugal (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhUbDRccfDvj-NnK0szovg6JzXz6g) 's global explorations in the 16th century, especially, linked continents, economies and cultures to a massive extent. العولمة في سياق أوسع بدأت قبل فترة وجيزة بدوره من القرن 16th ، مع اثنين من المملكة من شبه الجزيرة الايبيرية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjs3HK3ZxCI5_13lpPivwu6ATM4Og) -- مملكة البرتغال (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgVcEGU5KVf5cbzYhlfa7FObVtK5Q) ومملكة كاستيا. (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhQzEMbO69Un8QD98-dK_bbNJU3CQ) البرتغال (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhUbDRccfDvj-NnK0szovg6JzXz6g) 'ق العالمية الاستكشافات في القرن 16th ، خاصة ، مرتبطة القارات ، والاقتصادات الثقافات إلى حد كبير. Portugal's exploration and trade with most of the coast of Africa (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjSKqyRFKqiZbY4JfaqNRgBhHuX3A) , Eastern South America (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg-q_OMhxIMqSfP0i3d-iHdhyBVYg) , and Southern and Eastern Asia (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh_ssCW4nhEsFom1yfIjcpHZMNrCA) , was the first major trade based form of globalization. البرتغال الاستكشاف والتجارة مع أكثر من ساحل افريقيا (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjSKqyRFKqiZbY4JfaqNRgBhHuX3A) الشرقية وأمريكا الجنوبية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg-q_OMhxIMqSfP0i3d-iHdhyBVYg) ، وجنوب وشرق آسيا (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh_ssCW4nhEsFom1yfIjcpHZMNrCA) ، كانت أول دولة كبيرة في التجارة على أساس شكل من أشكال العولمة. A wave of global trade (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_trade&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhidHdwA5rsBm8knqVEsVDWbXqThaQ) , colonization (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgfQsE6OHnu_gn1uIR1uQkP9lED_Q) , and enculturation (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enculturation&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiZG5YaglTBrhnoBMLw903oStG1jQ) reached all corners of the world. وأسفرت موجة من التجارة العالمية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_trade&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhidHdwA5rsBm8knqVEsVDWbXqThaQ) ، والاستعمار (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgfQsE6OHnu_gn1uIR1uQkP9lED_Q) ، وenculturation (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enculturation&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiZG5YaglTBrhnoBMLw903oStG1jQ) التي تم التوصل إليها في جميع أنحاء العالم. Global integration continued through the expansion of European trade in the 16th and 17th centuries, when the Portuguese (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg7o4Y5QOIW7Awe-f_kIxKmcalipQ) and Spanish Empires (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgHTSKdHy3E5WImEWFnydvC8H0D9g) colonized the Americas (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgm_RqlAXZuZK5LyhKhiK_Rq-PcXA) , followed eventually by France and Britain. تابع التكامل العالمي من خلال توسيع التجارة الأوروبية في 16th و17th قرون ، عندما البرتغالية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg7o4Y5QOIW7Awe-f_kIxKmcalipQ) والأسبانية الإمبراطوريات (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgHTSKdHy3E5WImEWFnydvC8H0D9g) استعمار الأمريكتين (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgm_RqlAXZuZK5LyhKhiK_Rq-PcXA) ، وأعقب ذلك في النهاية وفرنسا وبريطانيا. Globalization has had a tremendous impact on cultures (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_of_culture&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhC-V31ZvopoMDwNmNp8nlQG8MVyg) , particularly indigenous cultures, around the world. العولمة كان لها تأثير هائل على الثقافات (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_of_culture&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhC-V31ZvopoMDwNmNp8nlQG8MVyg) ، وخاصة ثقافات الشعوب الأصلية ، في جميع أنحاء العالم. In the 15th century, Portugal's Company of Guinea (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_of_Guinea&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgub7IgSkyr3nhOlN56xO39MOaeRA) was one of the first chartered commercial companies established by Europeans in other continent during the Age of Discovery (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhVQUWs5gVrkn19JzjJLwZlU8_F6w) , whose task was to deal with the spices (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spices&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiyRVdvfYCe5lYNNVNnL8vYtqiz2Q) and to fix the prices of the goods. في القرن 15th ، البرتغال شركة من غينيا (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_of_Guinea&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgub7IgSkyr3nhOlN56xO39MOaeRA) كانت واحدة من أول الشركات التجارية التي تستأجرها المنشأة من قبل الأوروبيين في قارة أخرى خلال عصر الاستكشاف (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhVQUWs5gVrkn19JzjJLwZlU8_F6w) ، التي تتمثل مهمتها في التعامل مع التوابل (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spices&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiyRVdvfYCe5lYNNVNnL8vYtqiz2Q) وربط أسعار السلع. In the 17th century, globalization became a business phenomenon when the British East India Company (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh4sje-szUMyd7d3231jYEbQAFM3A) (founded in 1600), which is often described as the first multinational corporation (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg6eWb6VPuPizk9crkyiiVxt2R-uA) , was established, as well as the Dutch East India Company (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhitnTUNlVQ40K-38iIHx_wL3QAYrQ) (founded in 1602) and the Portuguese East India Company (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgG8BCmqZ1apJ_nVSR0ZnK_5kM3bw) (founded in 1628). في القرن 17th ، العولمة أصبحت ظاهرة عندما التجارية لشركة الهند الشرقية البريطانية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh4sje-szUMyd7d3231jYEbQAFM3A) (التي تأسست في عام 1600) ، الذي كثيرا ما توصف بأنها أول شركة متعددة الجنسيات (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg6eWb6VPuPizk9crkyiiVxt2R-uA) ، وأنشئت ، وكذلك شركة الهند الشرقية الهولندية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhitnTUNlVQ40K-38iIHx_wL3QAYrQ) (التي تأسست في عام 1602) و البرتغالية شركة الهند الشرقية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgG8BCmqZ1apJ_nVSR0ZnK_5kM3bw) (التي تأسست في عام 1628). Because of the high risks involved with international trade, the British East India Company became the first company in the world to share risk and enable joint ownership of companies through the issuance of shares (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shares&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiTHIfQFaxmg3zcFwCZTmGF-rTgOw) of stock: an important driver for globalization. ونظرا لارتفاع المخاطر التي ينطوي عليها مع التجارة الدولية ، شركة الهند الشرقية البريطانية أصبحت أول شركة في العالم لتقاسم المخاطر والملكية المشتركة لتمكين الشركات من خلال إصدار أسهم (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shares&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiTHIfQFaxmg3zcFwCZTmGF-rTgOw) من الأسهم : دافعا هاما للعولمة. Globalization was achieved by the British Empire (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj_5oHaEdUo_ftKPW4lVCyIfRo37w) (the largest empire in history) due to its sheer size and power. العولمة التي حققتها الإمبراطورية البريطانية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj_5oHaEdUo_ftKPW4lVCyIfRo37w) (أكبر امبراطورية في التاريخ) ، نظرا لضخامة حجم والسلطة. British ideals and culture were imposed on other nations during this period. الثقافة والمثل العليا البريطانية قد فرضت على دول أخرى خلال هذه الفترة.
The 19th century is sometimes called "The First Era of Globalization." وقد 19th القرن يسمى أحيانا "أولا عصر العولمة." It was a period characterized by rapid growth in international trade and investment between the European imperial powers, their colonies, and, later, the United States. لقد كانت فترة تتميز النمو السريع في التجارة الدولية والاستثمار بين القوى الإمبريالية الأوروبية ، مستعمراتها ، و، في وقت لاحق ، والولايات المتحدة. It was in this period that areas of sub-saharan Africa and the Island Pacific were incorporated into the world system. وكان في هذه الفترة أن المناطق من أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء الكبرى وجزيرة في المحيط الهادئ أدرجت في النظام العالمي. The "First Era of Globalization" began to break down at the beginning of the 20th century with the first World War. "أولا عصر العولمة" بدأت تنهار في بداية من القرن 20th مع الحرب العالمية الأولى. Said John Maynard Keynes [ 7 ] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-6) , وقال جون ماينارد كينز ([7]) (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-6) ،
“ "
The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea, the various products of the whole earth, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep. وقد يمكن من سكان لندن من أجل عبر الهاتف ، وهو يحتسي الشاي له صباح اليوم ، ومختلف المنتجات من كل الأرض ، ونتوقع في وقت مبكر من المعقول التسليم عند عتبة باب منزله. Militarism and imperialism of racial and cultural rivalries were little more than the amusements of his daily newspaper. والنزعة العسكرية الإمبريالية من الخصومات العرقية والثقافية كانت أكثر قليلا من الملاهي من صحيفة يومية. What an extraordinary episode in the economic progress of man was that age which came to an end in August 1914. ما هي حلقة استثنائية في التقدم الاقتصادي للرجل أن العمر الذي انتهى في آب / أغسطس 1914.
” "
The "First Era of Globalization" later collapsed during the gold standard crisis (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhikhti7kjkawD4kiy5_ujvX8cXOaw) in the late 1920s and early 1930s. "أولا عصر العولمة" انهار في وقت لاحق من خلال معيار الذهب الأزمة (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhikhti7kjkawD4kiy5_ujvX8cXOaw) في أواخر 1920s وأوائل 1930s.
[ edit (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGlobalization%26action%3Dedit% 26section%3D2&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh6SukkHzLLh7-tsyzTzFyIharEog) ] Modern globalization [تحرير] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php%3Ftitle%3DGlobalization%26action%3Dedit% 26section%3D2&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh6SukkHzLLh7-tsyzTzFyIharEog) العولمة الحديثة
Globalization, since World War II, is largely the result of planning by economists, business interests, and politicians who recognized the costs associated with protectionism (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj_JLYo5dokK35d3cHs9ITb2Evjdg) and declining international economic integration. العولمة ، منذ الحرب العالمية الثانية ، هو إلى حد كبير نتيجة للتخطيط من جانب خبراء الاقتصاد ، والمصالح التجارية ، والساسة الذين المعترف بها التكاليف المرتبطة الحمائية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj_JLYo5dokK35d3cHs9ITb2Evjdg) ، وانخفاض التكامل الاقتصادي الدولي. Their work led to the Bretton Woods conference (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_conference&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhmUBc3vI4Z-lGV8uZd0U_wlu-aGw) and the founding of several international institutions intended to oversee the renewed processes of globalization, promoting growth and managing adverse consequences. عملها أدت إلى مؤتمر بريتون وودز (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretton_Woods_conference&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhmUBc3vI4Z-lGV8uZd0U_wlu-aGw) وتأسيس العديد من المؤسسات الدولية يقصد جدد للإشراف على عمليات العولمة ، وتعزيز النمو وإدارة الآثار السلبية.
These institutions include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhJ4Dopcd9deA6ObdLRXpD9qiGDgw) ), and the International Monetary Fund (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgmUvrvi-RG8GsSMZrdBd96LII6kw) . وتشمل هذه المؤسسات البنك الدولي للإنشاء والتعمير (البنك الدولي) (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhJ4Dopcd9deA6ObdLRXpD9qiGDgw) ، وصندوق النقد الدولي. (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgmUvrvi-RG8GsSMZrdBd96LII6kw) Globalization has been facilitated by advances in technology which have reduced the costs of trade, and trade negotiation rounds, originally under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgVRd46P72rX5lZ1X7r1u9F5v_GkA) (GATT), which led to a series of agreements to remove restrictions on free trade (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgQmPX8L51suAn9ImMi_SD_fw-CTA) . العولمة وقد سهل من التقدم التكنولوجي مما أدى إلى تخفيض تكاليف التجارة ، وجولات المفاوضات التجارية ، في الأصل تحت رعاية الاتفاق العام بشأن التعريفات الجمركية والتجارة (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgVRd46P72rX5lZ1X7r1u9F5v_GkA) (الغات) ، والتي أدت إلى سلسلة من الاتفاقات لإزالة القيود المفروضة على التجارة الحرة (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgQmPX8L51suAn9ImMi_SD_fw-CTA) .
Since World War II, barriers to international trade have been considerably lowered through international agreements - GATT. منذ الحرب العالمية الثانية ، الحواجز أمام التجارة الدولية قد خفضت بشكل كبير من خلال الاتفاقات الدولية -- اتفاق الغات. Particular initiatives carried out as a result of GATT and the World Trade Organization (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjsxWJjKO0ITO0x1Ue7yfEsZcDh6Q) (WTO), for which GATT is the foundation, have included: ولا سيما المبادرات التي نفذت نتيجة لاتفاق الغات ومنظمة التجارة العالمية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjsxWJjKO0ITO0x1Ue7yfEsZcDh6Q) (منظمة التجارة العالمية) ، لغات الذي هو الأساس ، ما يلي :
Promotion of free trade: تعزيز التجارة الحرة :
Reduction or elimination of tariffs (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg3UOYuwmeLuEa7M4JqLcFR39pAUg) ; creation of free trade zones (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_zone&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhyyEO8d3iLZTDVXJOZ0Cb0KlTbRA) with small or no tariffs تخفيض أو إلغاء التعريفات (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg3UOYuwmeLuEa7M4JqLcFR39pAUg) ؛ إنشاء مناطق للتجارة الحرة (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_zone&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhyyEO8d3iLZTDVXJOZ0Cb0KlTbRA) مع صغيرة أو أي تعريفات
Reduced transportation costs, especially resulting from development of containerization (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containerization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgqpUyZJGzd2nC2JCUrsokzz5ShLg) for ocean shipping. خفض تكاليف النقل ، وخاصة الناتجة عن التنمية من الحاويات (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containerization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgqpUyZJGzd2nC2JCUrsokzz5ShLg) لالشحن عبر المحيطات.
Reduction or elimination of capital controls (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_controls&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhi4utrXiPt9Zo5xz_Nqp6cG03FTXQ) خفض أو إلغاء الضوابط المفروضة على رأس المال (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_controls&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhi4utrXiPt9Zo5xz_Nqp6cG03FTXQ)
Reduction, elimination, or harmonization of subsidies (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidy&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgNDi9EJAsOQkR3XwlybRfonO6K_A) for local businesses الحد ، والقضاء ، أو تنسيق الدعم (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidy&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgNDi9EJAsOQkR3XwlybRfonO6K_A) للأعمال التجارية المحلية
Restriction of free trade: تقييد التجارة الحرة :
Harmonization of intellectual property (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjnmhMfWFbDumHuuTUFALnVI5VeAg) laws across the majority of states, with more restrictions. تنسيق قوانين الملكية الفكرية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhjnmhMfWFbDumHuuTUFALnVI5VeAg) عبر غالبية الدول ، مع المزيد من القيود.
Supranational recognition of intellectual property restrictions (eg patents (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhZVTcgNpeG7btAmW2J7Z81rfrSqA) granted by China would be recognized in the United States) فوق والاعتراف من قيود الملكية الفكرية (مثل براءات الاختراع (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhZVTcgNpeG7btAmW2J7Z81rfrSqA) التي منحتها الصين سوف المعترف بها في الولايات المتحدة)
Cultural globalization, driven by communication technology and the worldwide marketing of Western cultural industries, was understood at first as a process of homogenization, as the global domination of American culture at the expense of traditional diversity. العولمة الثقافية ، يقودها تكنولوجيا الاتصالات والتسويق في جميع أنحاء العالم من الصناعات الثقافية الغربية ، وكان مفهوما في البداية على أنها عملية من التجانس ، كما الهيمنة العالمية للثقافة الاميركية على حساب التنوع التقليدي. However, a contrasting trend soon became evident in the emergence of movements protesting against globalization and giving new momentum to the defense of local uniqueness, individuality, and identity. ولكن ، على عكس الاتجاه سرعان ما أصبح واضحا في ظهور حركات الاحتجاج ضد العولمة وإعطاء زخم جديد للدفاع عن تفرد المحلية ، والنزعة الفردية ، والهوية. These movements used the same new technologies to pursue their own goals more efficiently and to appeal for support from world opinion. [ 8 ] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-7) هذه الحركات تستخدم نفس التكنولوجيات الجديدة لتحقيق غاياتها وأكثر كفاءة لنداء لدعم من الرأي العام العالمي. [8] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-7)
The Uruguay Round (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_Round&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh6Lwm-k21NGEpWs6I2pUsDA_vLVg) (1984 to 1995) led to a treaty to create the WTO to mediate trade dis****s and set up a uniform platform of trading. جولة أوروغواي (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_Round&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhh6Lwm-k21NGEpWs6I2pUsDA_vLVg) (1984 الى 1995) أدت إلى معاهدة لإنشاء منظمة التجارة العالمية للتوسط في النزاعات التجارية واقامة منصة موحدة للتجارة. Other bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, including sections of Europe's Maastricht Treaty (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgh2e7obIDkFffABagowlMABQY0mQ) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiFuCh5X8rRb3B2_iZELiOE0p1o_A) (NAFTA) have also been signed in pursuit of the goal of reducing tariffs and barriers to trade. الثنائية وغيرها من الاتفاقات التجارية المتعددة الأطراف ، بما فيها الفروع في أوروبا معاهدة ماستريخت (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhgh2e7obIDkFffABagowlMABQY0mQ) والشمال اتفاق التجارة الحرة لأمريكا (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiFuCh5X8rRb3B2_iZELiOE0p1o_A) (نافتا) وقعت أيضا في سعينا لتحقيق هدف خفض التعريفات الجمركية والحواجز التجارية.
Global conflicts, such as the 9/11 terrorist attacks (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_terrorist_attacks&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiPwsJ67VnJpYimltrSPv0YCHUcrw) on the United States of America, is interrelated with globalization because it was primary source of the "war on terror", which had started the steady increase of the prices of oil and gas, due to the fact that most OPEC (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg6YEWiB-AVwUvxyWD3eRayNyjjqA) member countries were in the Arabian Peninsula. [ 9 ] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-8) الصراعات العالمية ، مثل 9 / 11 الهجمات الإرهابية (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_terrorist_attacks&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhiPwsJ67VnJpYimltrSPv0YCHUcrw) على الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية ، هي مترابطة مع العولمة لأنها كانت المصدر الرئيسي لل"الحرب على الإرهاب" ، التي بدأت في الزيادة المطردة للأسعار النفط والغاز ، وبسبب إلى حقيقة أن معظم الدول الاعضاء فى الاوبك (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhg6YEWiB-AVwUvxyWD3eRayNyjjqA) كانت في شبه الجزيرة العربية. [9] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhj-fGmTjSg0pTRRrB7g6GDuDG0tmQ#cite_note-8)
World exports rose from 8.5% of gross world product (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_world_product&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhklOXH0eI1e9sttwLjMOe5wzK6FA) in 1970 to 16.1% of gross world product in 2001. [6] (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://www.globalpolicy.org/socecon/trade/tables/exports2.htm&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhicsj-oqrBzogZF0Dt5hqkUKqIgtw) كما ارتفعت صادرات العالم من 8.5 ٪ من الناتج العالمي الإجمالي (http://74.125.79.102/translate_c?hl=ar&langpair=en%7Car&u=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_world_product&prev=/translate_s%3Fhl%3Dar%26q%3D%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%2 5D8%25B9%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9%2 B%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%258 2%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%26tq%3DG lobalization%2Band%2Bthe%2Beconomy%26sl%3Dar%26tl% 3Den&usg=ALkJrhhklOXH0eI1e9sttwLjMOe5wzK6FA) في عام 1970 إلى 16.1 في المائة من الناتج العالمي الإجمالي في عام 2001.